From: The effect of immigration shocks on native fertility outcomes: evidence from a natural experiment
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Separate-year treatment effects | |||||
 1982 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.011 |
(0.025) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.026) | (0.026) | |
 1983 | − 0.041** | − 0.034* | − 0.038* | − 0.039* | − 0.040* |
(0.018) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.020) | (0.020) | |
 1984 | − 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
(0.020) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.023) | |
 1985 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.008 |
(0.022) | (0.023) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.022) | |
 1986 | − 0.032** | − 0.036** | − 0.038** | − 0.039** | − 0.041** |
(0.015) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
 1987 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
(0.017) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.018) | |
 1988 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
(0.017) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.018) | |
Covariate | |||||
 Non-Hispanic African American | – | − 0.003 | − 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.046 |
 | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.030) | |
 Other Race | – | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.016 | − 0.080 |
 | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.052) | |
 Hispanic | – | 0.008 | 0.000 | − 0.010 | 0.075** |
 | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.030) | |
 Age 15 | – | 0.011** | − 0.013* | 0.042*** | 0.049*** |
 | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
 Age 16 | – | 0.013** | − 0.005 | 0.047*** | 0.054*** |
 | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
 Age 17 | – | 0.017*** | 0.003 | 0.053*** | 0.058*** |
 | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
 Age 18 | – | 0.060*** | 0.052*** | 0.093*** | 0.097*** |
 | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
 Age 19 | – | 0.082*** | 0.076*** | 0.111*** | 0.115*** |
 | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
 Age 20 | – | 0.103*** | 0.101*** | 0.125*** | 0.130*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.016) | |
 Age 21 | – | 0.110*** | 0.109*** | 0.128*** | 0.131*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
 Age 22 | – | 0.101*** | 0.100*** | 0.112*** | 0.116*** |
 | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
 Age 23 | – | 0.123*** | 0.124*** | 0.130*** | 0.133*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
 Age 24 | – | 0.124*** | 0.125*** | 0.125*** | 0.127*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
 Age 25 | – | 0.120*** | 0.121*** | 0.118*** | 0.120*** |
 | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
 Age 26 | – | 0.120*** | 0.122*** | 0.118*** | 0.120*** |
 | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
 Age 27 | – | 0.106*** | 0.109*** | 0.103*** | 0.106*** |
 | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
 Age 28 | – | 0.132*** | 0.134*** | 0.128*** | 0.130*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
 Age 29 | – | 0.095*** | 0.099*** | 0.087*** | 0.089*** |
 | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | |
 Age 30 | – | 0.116*** | 0.120*** | 0.108*** | 0.110*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
 Age 31 | – | 0.108*** | 0.112*** | 0.102*** | 0.103*** |
 | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | |
 Age 32 | – | 0.088*** | 0.091*** | 0.079*** | 0.081*** |
 | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | |
 Age 33 | – | 0.053*** | 0.057*** | 0.049*** | 0.050*** |
 | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
 Age 34 | – | 0.087*** | 0.090*** | 0.081*** | 0.081*** |
 | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.015) | |
 Age 35 | – | 0.043*** | 0.047*** | 0.040*** | 0.041*** |
 | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
 Age 36 | – | 0.031*** | 0.035*** | 0.028*** | 0.030*** |
 | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | |
 Age 37 | – | 0.030*** | 0.035*** | 0.029*** | 0.030*** |
 | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.009) | |
 Age 38 | – | 0.031*** | 0.035*** | 0.028*** | 0.029*** |
 | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
 Age 39 | – | 0.017*** | 0.021*** | 0.015** | 0.015** |
 | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
 Age 40 | – | 0.031*** | 0.035*** | 0.030*** | 0.031*** |
 | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
 Age 41 | – | 0.015** | 0.017*** | 0.015** | 0.015** |
 | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
 Age 42 | – | 0.005 | 0.008** | 0.010** | 0.012** |
 | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.005) | |
 Age 43 | – | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
 $5000 to $7499 | – | − 0.021* | − 0.019* | − 0.026** | − 0.026** |
 | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
 $7500 to $9999 | – | − 0.025** | − 0.023** | − 0.036*** | − 0.034*** |
 | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | |
 $10,000 to $14,999 | – | − 0.032*** | − 0.028*** | − 0.040*** | − 0.037*** |
 | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
 $15,000 to $24,999 | – | − 0.025*** | − 0.018** | − 0.040*** | − 0.036*** |
 | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
 $25,000 and above | – | − 0.032*** | − 0.020** | − 0.052*** | − 0.049*** |
 | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
 Male unemployment rate, t – 1 | – | − 0.199** | − 0.185* | − 0.181* | − 0.183* |
 | (0.099) | (0.099) | (0.097) | (0.097) | |
 Female unemployment rate, t – 1 | – | − 0.094 | − 0.078 | − 0.079 | − 0.088 |
 | (0.130) | (0.130) | (0.128) | (0.128) | |
 Number of previous births | – | 0.002 | 0.000 | − 0.008*** | − 0.007*** |
 | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
 Years of education | – | – | − 0.005*** | − 0.004*** | − 0.003** |
 |  | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
 Married | – | – | – | 0.103*** | 0.118*** |
 |  |  | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
 Years of education × non-Hispanic African American | – | – | – | – | − 0.001 |
 |  |  |  | (0.002) | |
 Years of education × other race | – | – | – | – | 0.006 |
 |  |  |  | (0.004) | |
 Years of education × Hispanic | – | – | – | – | − 0.006*** |
 |  |  |  | (0.002) | |
 Married × non-Hispanic African American | – | – | – | – | − 0.059*** |
 |  |  |  | (0.011) | |
 Married × other race | – | – | – | – | 0.031 |
 |  |  |  | (0.026) | |
 Married × Hispanic | – | – | – | – | − 0.023 |
 |  |  |  | (0.014) | |
Observations | 71,571 | 58,921 | 58,921 | 58,921 | 58,921 |
R-squared | 0.002 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.064 | 0.067 |