Considering the benefits of hosting refugees: evidence of refugee camps influencing local labour market activity and economic welfare in Rwanda

Table 11 Economic welfare, by camp area

	Asset ownership index			Subjective economic situation
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Gihembe x < 10 km	0.64***	0.39*		0.16	− 0.24
Gihembe x < 10 km	(0.21)	(0.21)		(0.14)	(0.15)
x Female-headed			0.32*			− 0.19
x Female-headed			(0.18)			(0.16)
x Male-headed			0.44*			− 0.26
x Male-headed			(0.25)			(0.18)
Kigeme x < 10 km	0.26*	0.36***		0.36***	0.45***
Kigeme x < 10 km	(0.13)	(0.10)		(0.12)	(0.12)
x Female-headed			0.17			0.14
x Female-headed			(0.13)			(0.20)
x Male-headed			0.41***			0.54***
x Male-headed			(0.12)			(0.14)
Kiziba x < 10 km	0.13	0.29**		0.00	0.19
Kiziba x < 10 km	(0.15)	(0.13)		(0.11)	(0.11)
x Female-headed			0.28**			0.14
x Female-headed			(0.11)			(0.12)
x Male-headed			0.29**			0.20
x Male-headed			(0.14)			(0.13)
Controls	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
R ²	0.06	0.28	0.29	0.02	0.12	0.13
Observations	913	913	913	913	913	913

Note: ***p < 0.01, **p < .05, *p < 0.10. Estimates are based on a linear probability model, but robust to maximum likelihood estimation. Standard errors in parentheses are robust and clustered at the community level (46). See Fig. 3 in the Appendix for full heterogeneous effects across all relevant subgroups. Other covariates controlled for include female head, age head, married head, education head at lower secondary level, size of household, share of children (per adult), market distance, city distance, community population and nearest refugee camp