Transitions between informal and formal employment: results from a worker survey in Bangladesh

Table 8 Cox proportional hazards models

	Hazard ratio
	Not controlling for benefits (1)	Controlling for benefits (2)
Education: Class 6–9	1.017 (0.092)	1.009 (0.093)
Education: Class 10 and SSC	0.979 (0.109)	1.053 (0.117)
Education: High school certificate or diploma	1.204 (0.168)	1.424*** (0.195)
Education: Bachelors or higher	1.222 (0.154)	1.546*** (0.199)
Vocational training w/o certification	1.381* (0.263)	1.335 (0.266)
Vocational training w/ certification	1.118 (0.152)	1.320**(0.171)
Male	1.350*** (0.116)	1.333***(0.116)
Age at the start of the job	1.001 (0.004)	1.001(0.004)
Log(monthly wage)	0.935*** (0.023)	0.959(0.025)
Written contract		0.945(0.123)
Verbal contract		0.975(0.086)
Termination notice		0.631***(0.064)
Retirement benefits		0.385***(0.075)
Government employee	0.135***(0.033)	0.280***(0.082)
Casual worker	0.853(0.091)	0.756***(0.082)
Self-employed (alone/with family)	0.312***(0.038)	0.261***(0.035)
Self-employed (with non-family)	0.242***(0.039)	0.185***(0.032)
Family worker	0.458***(0.104)	0.391***(0.089)
Observations	2867	2867

Note: The duration model was estimated using a Cox proportional hazard model. Casual worker includes day laborers, seasonal workers, domestic workers, and apprentices, interns or trainees. The retirement benefits variable is coded as one if the employer offers a provident fund, gratuity or pension plan, and is coded as zero if the employer does not offer any of them. The omitted categories are primary education or less (class 5 or less), female, no vocational training, no contract, no termination notice, no retirement benefits and private employees. Other controls included in the regression analysis are industry and size of the employer. Sampling weights are applied. Standard errors in parentheses. ***. ** and * denote that the p value is less than 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 respectively