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Table 5 Results of pooled LPM (dependent variable: return migration)

From: Naturalisation and on-the-job training: evidence from first-generation immigrants in Germany

 

Men

Women

1984

1986

1986

1995

2000

2006

1984

1986

1986

1995

2000

2006

Log wage

0.017

0.012

0.018

−0.059

0.045**

0.010

−0.034

0.013

0.015

−0.063**

−0.007

0.002

 

(0.047)

(0.055)

(0.050)

(0.038)

(0.022)

(0.012)

(0.047)

(0.044)

(0.038)

(0.028)

(0.018)

(0.010)

Position in the job (reference: medium)

 Low

−0.030

−0.031

−0.014

0.041

0.044**

0.021

−0.048

0.058

0.050

−0.054

0.006

0.004

 

(0.028)

(0.028)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.019)

(0.013)

(0.075)

(0.072)

(0.058)

(0.037)

(0.025)

(0.016)

 High

0.068

0.045

0.044

0.071

0.049

0.021

0.110

0.296

0.258*

−0.094

0.048

0.053*

 

(0.099)

(0.101)

(0.085)

(0.059)

(0.037)

(0.022)

(0.194)

(0.202)

(0.144)

(0.080)

(0.047)

(0.028)

Participation in OJT

 

−0.120

−0.098

 

0.127

−0.018

    

−0.042

−0.014

  

(0.276)

(0.220)

 

(0.087)

(0.042)

    

(0.152)

(0.049)

Age

0.007***

0.009***

0.008***

0.005***

0.002**

−0.000

0.003

0.007***

0.007***

0.004**

0.002

0.001

 

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Married

−0.074**

−0.090***

−0.090***

−0.085**

−0.068***

−0.011

0.038

0.044

0.033

−0.005

−0.049**

0.015

 

(0.031)

(0.033)

(0.031)

(0.033)

(0.024)

(0.017)

(0.047)

(0.050)

(0.045)

(0.035)

(0.024)

(0.016)

Years since migration

−0.011***

−0.009***

−0.007**

−0.009***

−0.004***

−0.000

−0.009*

−0.009*

−0.008**

−0.004*

−0.003**

0.000

 

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Good language proficiency

−0.031

−0.030

    

−0.042

0.024

    
 

(0.027)

(0.029)

    

(0.044)

(0.048)

    

Naturalised

  

−0.106*

−0.102**

−0.049**

0.013

  

−0.132

−0.085*

−0.017

−0.001

   

(0.063)

(0.051)

(0.023)

(0.015)

  

(0.083)

(0.051)

(0.024)

(0.016)

Immigrants’ origin (reference: Western Europe)

 Eastern Europe

−0.180***

−0.192***

−0.180***

0.004

−0.077***

−0.032*

−0.165***

−0.202***

−0.183***

−0.054

−0.090***

0.003

 

(0.034)

(0.037)

(0.034)

(0.033)

(0.026)

(0.017)

(0.047)

(0.050)

(0.045)

(0.035)

(0.028)

(0.017)

 Turkey

−0.140***

−0.176***

−0.156***

−0.141***

−0.072***

−0.022

−0.123***

−0.160***

−0.156***

−0.075**

−0.087***

0.012

 

(0.029)

(0.031)

(0.029)

(0.030)

(0.024)

(0.016)

(0.047)

(0.051)

(0.048)

(0.038)

(0.031)

(0.018)

 Other

−0.348

−0.374

−0.183*

0.009

−0.051

−0.039*

  

−0.165

−0.059

−0.083**

−0.010

 

(0.288)

(0.277)

(0.110)

(0.067)

(0.036)

(0.023)

  

(0.133)

(0.071)

(0.037)

(0.024)

Constant

0.161

0.134

0.025

0.606**

−0.196

−0.013

0.593*

−0.004

0.010

0.524***

0.181

−0.072

 

(0.319)

(0.366)

(0.340)

(0.266)

(0.165)

(0.086)

(0.322)

(0.302)

(0.261)

(0.201)

(0.124)

(0.075)

R-squared adj.

0.049

0.074

0.075

0.106

0.061

−0.003

0.029

0.066

0.084

0.038

0.027

−0.008

No. of observations

1157

941

1010

682

675

344

548

432

482

411

471

278

  1. Notes: Coefficients of linear probability models are displayed. The outcome variable “return migration” is one if the individual left the SOEP between respective year and 2008 to move abroad and zero otherwise. Control variables are measured in the respective year. Information on participation in OJT is not available in 1884 and 1995; furthermore, none of the women of the 1986 sample participated in OJT in that year. Information on language proficiency is not available in 2000 and 2006. Language proficiency and naturalisation status cannot be controlled for simultaneously. Until 1995, language proficiency was only asked in the foreigner subsample. This sample consists of households with a foreign head of the household, with naturalisation rates thus being very low per definition. After 1997, language proficiency was only interrogated in odd years. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. * (**/***) denotes statistical significance at the 10 % (5 %/1 %) level. The sample is restricted to individuals who were employed in the respective starting year and aged 20 to 65
  2. Source: SOEP v26, own calculations
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